What is Weather?

Weather is the day-to-day state of the atmosphere. It includes short-term changes in conditions like temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure. Weather can change in minutes or hours, and it varies from place to place. For example, a summer day might start with clear skies and end with a thunderstorm. This variability is what makes weather so fascinating—and sometimes frustrating.

Take July 2024, for instance, when parts of Europe experienced a dramatic heatwave. Temperatures soared above 40°C (104°F) in several countries, causing discomfort and even health risks for residents. Just a few days later, a cold front moved in, bringing much-needed relief and even some rain. This kind of rapid change is characteristic of weather, which is influenced by many factors, including local geography and atmospheric conditions.

What is Climate?

Climate, on the other hand, refers to the average weather conditions in a particular region over a long period, typically 30 years or more. It’s the sum of all weather events in a region, giving us an overall picture of what conditions are generally like—whether they’re hot, cold, dry, or wet.

For example, the climate of the Sahara Desert is hot and dry, with very little rainfall throughout the year. This doesn’t mean that the Sahara never experiences a rainstorm, but such events are rare and don’t change the overall climate classification of the region.

A good way to think about it is: weather tells you what to wear today, while climate tells you what to pack if you’re moving there.

Current Examples: Weather and Climate in Action

Let’s look at some recent examples to clarify these concepts further.

In the winter of 2023-2024, the United States experienced a series of extreme cold snaps, particularly in the Midwest and Northeast. These cold spells were sharp reminders of winter’s bite, with temperatures plummeting well below average. This is weather—short-term, temporary, and specific to certain regions.

However, when we look at the broader picture, we see that the planet is actually warming. According to climate data, global temperatures have been rising over the past century, with the last decade being the warmest on record. This trend is what we refer to as climate change. It’s not about the cold snap on a particular day or even during a specific winter; it’s about the long-term shift in average temperatures and the changes in weather patterns over decades.

Another example can be seen in the changing patterns of monsoons in South Asia. In 2024, the monsoon season was marked by erratic rainfall—some areas experienced devastating floods, while others faced droughts. While these are examples of weather events, the overall trend of increasingly unpredictable and extreme monsoon seasons is an indication of climate change.

Why the Distinction Matters

Understanding the difference between weather and climate is more than just semantics—it’s essential for grasping the realities of climate change. When people confuse the two, they might say things like, "If the Earth is warming, why is it so cold today?" This confusion can lead to misunderstandings about the nature of global warming and the urgency of addressing it.

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. While it can lead to more extreme weather events—such as heatwaves, storms, and unusual cold spells—it doesn’t mean that every single day will be hotter or that cold weather will disappear altogether. Instead, it’s about the overall direction in which our planet’s climate is heading, driven largely by human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation.

By distinguishing between weather and climate, we can better understand the evidence of climate change and the importance of taking action to mitigate its impacts. While we can’t predict the weather more than a week or so in advance, we can predict, with a high degree of confidence, that the Earth’s climate will continue to change unless we make significant changes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

In essence, weather is the short-term personality of the atmosphere, while climate is its long-term character. Both are crucial to our understanding of the world around us, but it’s climate that holds the key to our future.